P.G. Diploma in Town and Country planning Previous Question Paper 2013

P.G. Diploma in Town and Country planning

                    Previous Question Paper 2013
                                 Semester 01

P.G. Diploma in Town and Country planning Previous Question Paper 2015

P.G Diploma in Town and country planning

                     Previous Question Papers 2015

                                      Semester  1 O.U  Hyderabad

paper 1 to 4

   

Design Loads for Box Culverts

Design Loads for Box Culverts for the SM1600 Design Loading

ABSTRACT

The new SM1600 design loading of the draft Australian Bridge Design Code AS 5100 is
complex. The interpretation of some aspects of the loading and its application in the practical
design of large precast reinforced concrete box culverts is not clear. In an attempt to clarify these
aspects, published material relating to the development of the SM1600 design loading is
reviewed, and the SM1600 loading is briefly compared with previous Australian codes, with
overseas codes, and with current knowledge.
It appears that the SM1600 loading was not developed with box culverts and other short span or
buried structures in mind. Modifications are suggested to the AS 5100 loading provisions for the
design of box culverts, particularly in regard to live load surcharge and compaction pressure. The
fatigue design provisions of AS 5100 are such that check for fatigue from moment and shear
effects will usually be required for precast box culverts under shallow fill. In the past, this was
only required for railway traffic loadings.
The use of the accompanying lane factors, together with the different uniform lane loads
associated with the M1600 and S1600 design vehicles, appears to add complexity to the design of
large precast box culverts and other short span or buried structures that is not required for these
structures.
Accordingly, it is suggested that the SM1600 loading be modified with a view to simplifying it
for the purpose of designing culverts and other short span buried structures, to a tandem or a
tri axle loading applied without uniform lane load or accompanying lane factors. The limit for the
length of short spans and associated axle loads as well as the fatigue loading should be decided as
part of this modification.
The adequacy of the current M1600 triaxle load is reviewed using available data from Culway
sites, and the use of this data for verification and adjustments of design vehicle loads is briefly
discussed.

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Applications of Pre Engineered steel buildings

Applications of Pre Engineered steel buildings include

·         Houses & Living Shelters

·         Factories

·         Warehouses

·         Sport Halls ( Indoor and Outdoor)

·         Warehouses

·         Supermarkets

·         Workshops

·         Office Buildings

·         Labor Camps

·         Petrol Pumps/Service Buildings

·         Schools

·         Community centers

·         Railway Stations

·         Equipment housing/shelters.

                                                There is a great possibility of improving the aesthetic quality with a choice of roofing elements, exterior finishes, weather-sheds, color system and variations in planning as well as massing.

Advantages of Pre Engineering buildings (PEB)

Advantages of Pre Engineering buildings

Reduction in Construction Time: Buildings are typically delivered in just a few weeks after approval of drawings. Foundation and anchor bolts are cast parallel with finished, ready for the site bolting. In India the use of PEB will reduce total construction time of the project by at least 50%. This also allows faster occupancy and earlier realization of revenue.

Lower Cost: Due to the systems approach, there is a significant saving in design, manufacturing and on site erection cost. The secondary members and cladding nest together reducing transportation cost.

Flexibility of Expansion: Buildings can be easily expanded in length by adding additional bays. Also expansion in width and height is possible by pre designing for future expansion.

Larger Spans: Buildings can be supplied to around 80M clear spans.

Quality Control: As buildings are manufactured completely in the factory under controlled conditions the quality is assured.

Low Maintenance: Buildings are supplied with high quality paint systems for cladding and steel to suit ambient conditions at the site, which results in long durability and low maintenance costs.

Energy Efficient Roofing and Wall Systems: Buildings can be supplied with polyurethane insulated panels or fiberglass blankets insulation to achieve required “U” values.

Architectural Versatility: Building can be supplied with various types of fascias, canopies, and curved eaves and are designed to receive pre cast concrete wall panels, curtain walls, block walls and other wall systems.

Single Source Availability: As the complete building package is supplied by a single vendor, compatibility of all the building components and accessories is assured. This is one of the major benefits of the pre engineered building systems.