Design Loads for Box Culverts

Design Loads for Box Culverts for the SM1600 Design Loading

ABSTRACT

The new SM1600 design loading of the draft Australian Bridge Design Code AS 5100 is
complex. The interpretation of some aspects of the loading and its application in the practical
design of large precast reinforced concrete box culverts is not clear. In an attempt to clarify these
aspects, published material relating to the development of the SM1600 design loading is
reviewed, and the SM1600 loading is briefly compared with previous Australian codes, with
overseas codes, and with current knowledge.
It appears that the SM1600 loading was not developed with box culverts and other short span or
buried structures in mind. Modifications are suggested to the AS 5100 loading provisions for the
design of box culverts, particularly in regard to live load surcharge and compaction pressure. The
fatigue design provisions of AS 5100 are such that check for fatigue from moment and shear
effects will usually be required for precast box culverts under shallow fill. In the past, this was
only required for railway traffic loadings.
The use of the accompanying lane factors, together with the different uniform lane loads
associated with the M1600 and S1600 design vehicles, appears to add complexity to the design of
large precast box culverts and other short span or buried structures that is not required for these
structures.
Accordingly, it is suggested that the SM1600 loading be modified with a view to simplifying it
for the purpose of designing culverts and other short span buried structures, to a tandem or a
tri axle loading applied without uniform lane load or accompanying lane factors. The limit for the
length of short spans and associated axle loads as well as the fatigue loading should be decided as
part of this modification.
The adequacy of the current M1600 triaxle load is reviewed using available data from Culway
sites, and the use of this data for verification and adjustments of design vehicle loads is briefly
discussed.

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Applications of Pre Engineered steel buildings

Applications of Pre Engineered steel buildings include

·         Houses & Living Shelters

·         Factories

·         Warehouses

·         Sport Halls ( Indoor and Outdoor)

·         Warehouses

·         Supermarkets

·         Workshops

·         Office Buildings

·         Labor Camps

·         Petrol Pumps/Service Buildings

·         Schools

·         Community centers

·         Railway Stations

·         Equipment housing/shelters.

                                                There is a great possibility of improving the aesthetic quality with a choice of roofing elements, exterior finishes, weather-sheds, color system and variations in planning as well as massing.

Advantages of Pre Engineering buildings (PEB)

Advantages of Pre Engineering buildings

Reduction in Construction Time: Buildings are typically delivered in just a few weeks after approval of drawings. Foundation and anchor bolts are cast parallel with finished, ready for the site bolting. In India the use of PEB will reduce total construction time of the project by at least 50%. This also allows faster occupancy and earlier realization of revenue.

Lower Cost: Due to the systems approach, there is a significant saving in design, manufacturing and on site erection cost. The secondary members and cladding nest together reducing transportation cost.

Flexibility of Expansion: Buildings can be easily expanded in length by adding additional bays. Also expansion in width and height is possible by pre designing for future expansion.

Larger Spans: Buildings can be supplied to around 80M clear spans.

Quality Control: As buildings are manufactured completely in the factory under controlled conditions the quality is assured.

Low Maintenance: Buildings are supplied with high quality paint systems for cladding and steel to suit ambient conditions at the site, which results in long durability and low maintenance costs.

Energy Efficient Roofing and Wall Systems: Buildings can be supplied with polyurethane insulated panels or fiberglass blankets insulation to achieve required “U” values.

Architectural Versatility: Building can be supplied with various types of fascias, canopies, and curved eaves and are designed to receive pre cast concrete wall panels, curtain walls, block walls and other wall systems.

Single Source Availability: As the complete building package is supplied by a single vendor, compatibility of all the building components and accessories is assured. This is one of the major benefits of the pre engineered building systems.

Features of pre engineering buildings

Features of pre engineering buildings

                                                          Pre–engineered steel buildings use a combination of built-up sections, hot rolled sections and cold formed elements which provide the basic steel frame work with a choice of single skin sheeting with added insulation or insulated sandwich panels for roofing and wall cladding. The concept is designed to provide a complete building envelope system which is air tight, energy efficient, optimum in weight and cost and, above all, designed to fit user requirement like a well fitted glove.

                                                         Pre engineered steel buildings can be fitted with different structural accessories including mezzanine floors, canopies, fascias, interior partitions etc. and the building is made water proof by use of special mastic beads, filler strips and trims. This is very versatile buildings systems and can be finished internally to serve any functions and accessorized externally to achieve attractive and unique designing styles. It is very advantageous over the conventional buildings and is really helpful in the low rise building design.

                                                        Pre engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings however the maximum eave height can go up to 25 to 30 meters. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices, houses, showrooms, shop fronts etc. The application of pre engineered buildings concept to low raise buildings is very economical and speedy. Buildings can be constructed in less than half the normal time especially when complemented with the other engineered sub systems.

                                                       The most common and economical type of low rise buildings is a building with ground floor and two intermediate floor plus roof. The roof of low rise buildings may be flat or sloped. Intermediate floors of low rise buildings are made of mezzanine systems. Single storied houses for living take minimum time for construction and can be built in any type of geographical location like extreme cold hilly areas, high rain prone areas, plain land obviously and extreme hot climatic zones as well.

shear wall technology

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS USING SHEAR WALL TECHNOLOGY

In recent times due to globalization, the construction industry has started focusing on new innovative ways of working. The construction industry has started adopting new technologies and approaches in order to increase the overall efficiency of the project. This report is about the modern methods of construction and smart materials that can be used to improve the overall construction process.

The first half of the report is on the “aluminum formwork systems” (Milan System) which is used for mass housing construction. This system of aluminum forms is fast, durable, cost effective and also produces quality work which requires minimum maintenance. The second half of the report is on “green roofs” a smart material which is a replacement for traditional roofs. Today in this modernized world where global warming is the major concern for all countries, green roofs can be one of the innovative ways to reduce the energy consumption which ultimately helps in reducing the CO2 emissions.

The construction industry is one of the biggest industries in the whole world. The contribution of this industry towards the global GDP is enormous. The panels of aluminum form work are made from high strength aluminum alloy, with the face or contact surface of the panel, made up of 4 mm thick plate, which is welded to a formwork of specially designed extruded sections, to form a robust component. The panels are held in position by a simple pin and wedge arrangement system that passes through holes in the outside rib of each panel. The panel fits precisely, securely and requires no bracing. The walls are held together with high strength wall ties, while the decks are supported by beams and props.

            Since the equipment is made of aluminum, it has sections that are large enough to be effective, yet light enough in the weight to be handled by a single worker. Individual workers can handle all the elements necessary for forming the system with no requirement for heavy lifting equipment or skilled labor. By ensuring repetition of work tasks on daily basis it is possible for the system to bring assembly line techniques to construction site and to ensure quality work, by unskilled or semi-skilled workers.

            Trial erection of the formwork is carried out in factory conditions which ensure that all components are correctly manufactured and no components are missed out. Also, they are numbered and packed in such a manner so as to enable easy site erection and dismantling.